Literature Cited

Ackery PR, Vane-Wright RI. 1984. Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology, being an account of the natural history of the Danainae, a subfamily of the Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae. London, British Museum (Natural History)

Alonso-Mejia A, Arellanoguillermo A, Brower LP. 1992. Influence of temperature, surface body moisture and height aboveground on survival of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico. Biotropica 24: 415-419.

Alonso-Mejia A, RendonSalinas E, MontesinosPatino E, Brower LP. 1997. Use of lipid reserves by monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico: Implications for conservation. Ecological Applications 7: 934-947.

Altizer SM. 2001. Migratory behaviour and host-parasite co-evolution in natural populations of monarch butterflies infected with a protozoan parasite. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3: 611-632.

Anderson JB, Brower LP. 1993. Cold-Hardiness in the Annual Cycle of the Monarch Butterfly. Pages 157-164 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles, USA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Anderson JB, Brower LP. 1996. Freeze-protection of overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico: Critical role of the forest as a blanket and an umbrella. Ecological Entomology 21: 107-116.

Barker JF, Herman WS. 1976. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on reproduction of monarch butterfly, Danaus-plexippus. Journal of Insect Physiology 22: 1565-1568.

Boggs CL, Gilbert L. 1979. Male contribution to egg production in butterflies: Evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating. Science 206: 83-84.

Bojorquez-Tapia LA, et al. 2003. Mapping expert knowledge: Redesigning the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Conservation Biology 17: 367-379.

Borkin SS. 1982. Notes on shifting distribution patterns and survival of immature Danaus-plexippus (Lepidoptera, Danaidae) on the food plant Asclepias-syriaca. Great Lakes Entomologist 15: 199-206.

Borland J, Johnson CC, Crumpton III TW, Thomas M, Altizer SM, Oberhauser KS. 2004. Characteristics of Fall Migratory Monarch Butterflies, Danaus plexippus, in Minnesota and Texas. Pages 97-104 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Brower LP. 1977. Monarch Migration. Natural History 84: 40-53.

Brower 1985 - no reference

Brower LP. 1995. Understanding and misunderstanding the migration of the monarch butterfly (Nymphalidae) in North America: 1857-1995. J. Lepid. Soc. 49: 304-85.

Brower LP.  1999. Biological necessities for monarch butterfly overwintering in relation to the Oyamel forest ecosystem in Mexico. Pages 11-28 in Hoth J, Merino L, Oberhauser K, Pisantry I, Price S and Wilkinson T (eds) The 1997 North American Conference on the Monarch Butterfly. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Canada

Brower LP. 2001. Canary in the cornfield: the monarch and the Bt corn controversy. Orion Magazine 20: 32-41.

Brower et al. 2004. Catastrophic winter storm mortality of monarch butterflies during January 2002. Pages 151-166 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Brower LP, Calvert WH. 1985. Foraging dynamics of bird predators on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Evolution 39: 852-868.

Brower LP, Calvert WH, Hedrick LE, Christian J. 1977. Biological observations on an overwintering colony of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, Danaidae) in Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 31: 232.

Brower LP, Castilleja G, Peralta A, Lopez-Garcia J, Bojorquez-Tapia L, Diaz S, Melgarejo D, Missrie M. 2002. Quantitative changes in forest quality in a principal overwintering area of the monarch butterfly in Mexico, 1971-1999. Conservation Biology 16: 3.

Brower LP, Moffitt CM. 1974. Palatability dynamics of cardenolides in monarch butterfly. Nature 249: 280-283.

Calvert WH. 1996. Fire ant predation on monarch larvae (Nymphalidae: Danainae) in a central Texas prairie. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 50: 149-151.

Calvert WH. 2004. The Effect of Fire Ants on Monarchs Breeding in Texas. Pages 47-54 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Calvert WH. 2004. Two Methods Estimating Overwintering Monarch Population Size in Mexico. Pages 121-128 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Calvert WH, Brower LP. 1981. The importance of forest cover for the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, Danaidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 35: 216-225.

Calvert WH, Brower LP. 1986. The location of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering colonies in Mexico in relation to topography and climate. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 40: 164.

Calvert WH, Cohen JA. 1983. The adaptive significance of crawling up onto foliage for the survival of grounded overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus-plexippus) in Mexico. Ecological Entomology 8: 471-474.

Calvert WH, Hyatt MB, Mendoza-Villasenor NP. 1986. The effects of understory vegetation on the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies, (Danaus plexippus L.) in Mexico. Acta Zool. Mex. 18: 1-17.

Calvert WH, Wagner M. 1999. Patterns in the monarch butterfly migration through Texas-1993 to 1995. Pages 119-125 in Hoth J, Merino L, Oberhauser K, Pisanty I, Price S, Wilkinson T, eds. 1997 North American Conference on the Monarch Butterfly. Canada: Commission for Environmental Co-operation.

Calvert WH, Zuchowski W, Brower LP. 1982. The impact of forest thinning on microclimate in monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering areas of Mexico. Bol. Soc. Bot. Mex 42: 11.

Calvert WH, Zuchowski W, Brower LP. 1983. The effect of rain, snow and freezing temperatures on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Biotropica 15: 42-47.

Calvert WH, Zuchowski W, Brower LP. 1984. Monarch butterfly conservation: interactions of cold weather, forest thinning and storms on the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in Mexico. Atala 9: 2-6.

Cockrell BJ, Malcolm SB, Brower LP. 1993. Time, Temperature, and Latitudinal Constraints on the Annual Recolonization of Eastern North America by the Monarch Butterfly. Pages 233-252 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles, USA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Davis AK, Garland MS. 2004. Stopover ecology of monarchs in coastal Virginia: using ornithological techniques to study monarch migration. Pages 89-96 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press.

Dunlap B, Hannigan A, Petersen C, Boettcher C, Bradbury S, Evans J, Keith A, Nelson S, Warber J. 2000. The Effect of Humidity on the Egg Development and Survivorship of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Monarch Lab website: http://www. monarchlab. org/research/GD/Chan. html. Accessed 9.13 2004.

Emlen ST, Wiltschko W, Demong N, Wiltschko R, Bergman S. 1976. Magnetic Direction Finding: Evidence for Its Use in Migratory Indigo Buntings. Science 193: 505-508.

Frey D, Leong KLH, Peffer E, Smidt RK, Oberhauser K. 1998. Mate pairing patterns of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) at a California overwintering site. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 52: 84-97.

Frey D, Schaffner A. 2004. Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Monarch Overwintering Abundance in Western North America. Pages 167-176 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Garcia-Serrano E, Reyes JL, Alvarez BXM. 2004. Locations and area occupied by monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico from 1993 to 2002. Pages 129-134 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Gibbs G. 1994. The Monarch Butterfly. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Publishings

Gibo DL. 1986. Flight strategies of migrating monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in southern Ontario. Pp. 172-184 in Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Danthanarayana W (ed). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Gibo DL, McCurdy JA. 1993. Lipid-accumulation by migrating monarch butterflies (Danaus-plexippus). Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 71: 76-82.

Goehring L, Oberhauser KS. 2002. Effects of photoperiod, temperature, and host plant age on induction of reproductive diapause and development time in Danaus plexippus. Ecological Entomology 27: 674-685.

Goehring L, Oberhauser KS. 2004. Environmental Factors Influencing Postdiapause Reproductive Development in Monarch Butterflies. Pages 187-198 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Haribal M, Renwick JAA. 1998. Identification and distribution of oviposition stimulants for monarch butterflies in hosts and nonhosts. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24: 891-904.

Hellmich RL, Siegfried BD, Sears MK, Stanley-Horn DE, Daniels MJ, Mattila HR, Spencer T, Bidne KG, Lewis LC. 2001. Monarch larvae sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis-purified proteins and pollen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 98: 11925–11930.

Herman WS. 1981. Studies on the adult reproductive diapause of the monarch butterfly, Danaus-plexippus. Biological Bulletin 160: 89-106.

Howard E, Davis AK. 2004. Documenting the Spring Movements of Monarch Butterflies with Journey North, a Citizen Science Program. Pages 105-116 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

James DG. 1993. Migration Biology of the Monarch Butterfly in Australia. Pages 189-200 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles, USA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Jesse LCH, Obrycki JJ. 2000. Field deposition of Bt transgenic corn pollen: lethal effects on the monarch butterfly. Oecologia 125: 241-248.

Jesse LCH, Obrycki JJ. 2004. Survival of Experimental Cohorts of Monarch Larvae Following Exposure to Transgenic Bt Corn Pollen and Anthers. Pages 69-78 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Kanz JE. 1977. The orientation of migrant and non-migrant monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.). Psyche 84: 120.

Keiman AF, Franco M. 2004. Can't See the Forest for the Butterflies: The Need for Understanding Forest Dynamics at Monarch Overwintering Sites. Pages 135-140 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Knight AL. 1997. A Population Study of Monarch Butterflies in north-central and south Florida. Master’s thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Lavoie B, Oberhauser KS. 2004. Compensatory feeding in Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) in response to variation in host plant quality. Environmental Entomology 33: 1062-1069.

Leong KLH, Sakai WH, Bremer W, Feuerstein D, Yoshimura G. 2004. Analysis of the Pattern of Distribution and Abundance of Monarch Overwintering Sites along the California Coastline. Pages 177-186 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Losey JE, Rayor LS, Carter ME. 1999. Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature 399: 214-214.

Malcolm SB, Cockrell BJ, Brower LP. 1987. Monarch butterfly voltinism - effects of temperature constraints at different latitudes. Oikos 49: 77-82.

Malcolm SB, Cockrell BJ, Brower LP. 1993. Spring Recolonization of Eastern North America by the Monarch Butterfly: Successive Brood or Single Sweep Migration? Pages 253-268 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP. 1996. Milkweed latex and cardenolide induction may resolve the lethal plant defence paradox. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80: 193.

Mattson WJ Jr. 1980. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 119-161.

Marriott D. 2001. Annual Thanksgiving Monarch Butterfly Count 2001. Monarch Program's Quarterly Report, Autumn: 9.

McNeil S, Southwood TRE. 1978. The role of nitrogen in the development of insect/plant relationships. Pages 77-98 in Harborne JB (ed). Biochemical Aspects of Plant and Animal Coevolution. Academic, London, UK.

Missrie M. 2004. Design and Implementation of a New Protected Area for Overwintering Monarch Butterflies in Mexico. Pages 141-150 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Monarch Lab website: http://www.monarchlab.org

Monarch Larva Monitoring Project: MLMP.org

Monarch Watch 2001 www.monarchwatch.org

Monarch Watch 2004 www.monarchwatch.org

Mouritsen H, Frost BJ. 2002. Virtual migration in tethered flying monarch butterflies reveals their orientation mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 10162.

Oberhauser KS. 1989. Effects of spermatophores on male and female monarch butterfly reproductive success. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 25: 237-246.

Oberhauser, KS. 1997. Fecundity, lifespan and egg mass in butterflies: effects of male-derived nutrients and female size. Functional Ecology 11: 166-175.

Oberhauser KS. 2004. Overview of Monarch Breeding Biology. Pages 3-7 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Oberhauser K, Frey D. 1999. Coercive mating by overwintering male monarch butterflies. Pages 67-78 in Hoth J, Merino L, Oberhauser K, Pisanty I, Price S, Wilkinson T, eds. 1997 North American Conference on the Monarch Butterfly. Canada: Commission for Environmental Cooperation.

Oberhauser KS, Hampton R. 1995. The relationship between mating and oogenesis in monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera, Danainae). Journal of Insect Behavior 8: 701-713.

Oberhauser K, Peterson AT. 2003. Modeling current and future potential wintering distributions of eastern North American monarch butterflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 14063-14068.

Oberhauser KS, Prysby MD, Mattila HR, Stanley-Horn DE, Sears MK, Dively G, Olson E, Pleasants JM, Lam WKF, Hellmich RL. 2001. Temporal and spatial overlap between monarch larvae and corn pollen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 98(21): 11913-11918.

Perez SM, Taylor OR. 2004. Monarch Butterflies' Migratory Behavior Persists despite Changes in Environmental Conditions. Pages 85-88 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Prysby MD. 2004. Natural enemies and survival of monarch eggs and larvae. Pages 27-38 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Prysby MD, Oberhauser KS. 2004. Temporal and Geographic Variation in Monarch Densities; Citizen Scientists Document Monarch Population Patterns. Pages 9-20 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Pyle RM. 1999. Chasing Monarchs: Migrating with the Butterflies of Passage. Houghton Mifflin, Boston

Rayor LS. 2004. Effects of Monarch Larval Host Plant Chemistry and Body Size on Polistes Wasp Predation. Pages 39-46 in Oberhauser KS, Solensky MJ, eds. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Rogg KA, Taylor OR, Gibo DL. 1999. Mark and recapture during the monarch migration: A preliminary analysis. Pages 133-138 in Hoth J, Merino L, Oberhauser K, Pisanty I, Price S, Wilkinson T, eds. 1997 North American Conference on the Monarch Butterfly. Canada: Commission for Environmental Cooperation.

Schmidt-Koenig K. 1985. Migration strategies of monarch butterflies. Pages 786-798 [chapter 6] in Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance. Rankin MA (ed). Contributions in Marine Science, Supplement 27, University of Texas, Austin.

Schmidt-Koenig K. 1993. Orientation of Autumn Migration in the Monarch Butterfly. Pages 275-283 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles, USA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Scriber JM. 1984. Host-plant suitability. Pages 159-202 in W. J. Bell, and R. T. Carde (eds.), Chemical ecology of insects. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.

Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, Oberhauser KS, Pleasants JM, Mattila HR, Siegfried BD, Dively GP. 2001. Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: A risk assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 98 (21): 11937–11942.

Slansky F Jr., Scriber JM. 1985. Food consumption and utilization. Pages 87-163 in Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, vol. 4. Kerkut GA, Gilbert LI (eds). Pergamon, Oxford, UK.

Solensky MJ. 2003. Reproductive Fitness in Monarch Butterflies, Danaus plexippus. PhD Thesis. University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN.

Urquhart FA. 1976. Found at last: The monarch’s winter home. National Geographic Magazine 150: 161-73.

Urquhart FA, Urquhart NR. 1977. Overwintering areas and migratory routes of monarch butterfly (Danaus-p-plexippus, Lepidoptera Danaidae) in North-America, with special reference to western population. Canadian Entomologist 109: 1583-1589.

Urquhart FA, Urquhart NR. 1978. Autumnal migration routes of the eastern population of monarch butterfly (Danaus-p-plexippus L-Danaidae-Lepidoptera) in North-America to overwintering site in neovolcanic plateau of Mexico. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 56(8): 1759-1764.

Van Hook T. 1993. Non-random Mating in Monarch Butterflies Overwintering in Mexico. Pages 49-60 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles, USA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Vane-Wright RI. 1993. The Columbus Hypothesis: An Explanation for the Dramatic 19th Century Range Expansion of the Monarch Butterfly. Pages 179-188 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles, USA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Wassenaar LI, Hobson KA. 1998. Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 15436-15439.

Wenner AM, Harris AM. 1993. Do California Monarchs Undergo Long-Distance Directed Migration? Pages 209-218 in Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP, eds. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Los Angeles, USA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

White TCR. 1993. The inadequate environment: nitrogen and the abundance of animals. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Wiltschko W, Wiltschko R. 1972. Magnetic compass of European robins. Science 176: 62-64.

Woodson RE. 1954. The North American species of Asclepias L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41: 1-211.

York HA, Oberhauser KS. 2002. Effects of duration and timing of heat stress on Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) development. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 75: 290-298.

Zalucki MP. 1982. Temperature and rate of development in Danaus-plexippus L and D. chrysippus L (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 21: 241-246.

Zalucki MP, Brower LP. 1992. Survival of first instar larvae ofDanaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content ofAsclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae). Chemoecology 3: 81.

Zalucki MP, Kitching RL. 1982. Dynamics of oviposition in Danaus-plexippus (Insecta, Lepidoptera) on milkweed, Asclepias spp. Journal of Zoology 198: 103-116.

Zalucki MP, Malcolm SB. 1999. Plant latex and first-instar monarch larval growth and survival on three North American milkweed species. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25: 1827-1842.

Zalucki MP, Malcolm SB, Paine TD, Hanlon CC, Brower LP, Clarke AR. 2001. It's the first bites that count: Survival of first-instar monarchs on milkweeds. Austral Ecology 26: 547-555.